Frequently Asked Questions

The Charge Point Operator (CPO) manages the physical infrastructure and technical operations (installation, maintenance). The Mobility Service Provider (MSP) manages the customer relationship, providing the access card/app and handling billing.

They interact via roaming agreements using protocols like OCPI. Commercially, the CPO charges the MSP a B2B rate, and the MSP resells this to the driver with a margin.

Roaming allows drivers to charge at stations not owned by their MSP. Hubs (e.g., Hubject) act as clearinghouses, connecting thousands of CPOs and MSPs through a single connection.

A White Label solution allows a company (e.g., a utility or leasing firm) to offer branded CPO or MSP services without developing their own proprietary technology stack.

CPOs typically use pseudo-anonymous IDs (EMAIDs) to authorize sessions, ensuring they do not store the driver's personal data. MSPs aggregate this data for billing and insights.

Revenue streams include direct sales (ad-hoc), B2B roaming fees charged to MSPs, parking/blocking fees, and Hardware-as-a-Service (HaaS) contracts.

Pricing models include Pay-as-you-go (markup), Subscription (monthly fee for lower rates), Flat Rate bundles, and increasingly Dynamic Pricing based on grid demand.

The CDR is the data receipt generated after a session containing kWh, time, and ID data. It is the basis for billing between CPO and MSP.

It ensures different cars, chargers, and backends work together. The industry relies on open standards like OCPP and OCPI to prevent proprietary "walled gardens."

Aggregators bundle the charging load of many EVs to sell flexibility and demand-response services to the grid, rather than just selling access to drivers.